The Unsung Hero of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act: Permanent Expensing
The One Big Beautiful Bill (OBBB), signed into law on July 4, 2025, prevented a large, scheduled tax hike from hitting American households. By permanently extending expiring provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the OBBB stopped the standard deduction and child tax credit from being cut in half, locked in lower individual income tax rates, and made a wide range of other tax provisions permanent. Republican lawmakers have been highlighting these achievements, along with the bill’s exemptions for tips and overtime pay, policies on which President Trump campaigned.
Yet, one of the OBBB’s most powerful pro-growth reforms has gone largely unnoticed: permanent immediate expensing for new equipment investment. While perhaps too wonky for townhall forums, this change is a critically important step on the long path toward fundamental tax reform.
Permanent immediate expensing allows businesses to deduct the full cost of equipment purchases in the year of investment, rather than spreading the deductions over multiple years. Given the time value of money, it is better to deduct the full cost of a new investment today, as opposed to deducting that investment in smaller increments over multiple years. This change ensures that businesses are allowed to deduct the full value of their investments, preventing inflation from devaluing these business costs.
Temporary expensing has been enacted periodically over the past two decades, sparking short-term investment surges. Economists Eric Zwick and James Mahon estimated a 10 percent boost in eligible investment from a partial expensing provision in effect between 2001 and 2004 and a nearly 17 percent boost from a full expensing provision in effect between 2008 and 2010.
However, these surges generally reflected businesses shifting the timing, not the total amount, of their investments. Moreover, the on-and-off nature of temporary expensing causes businesses to incur additional costs, as they adjust the timing of investments to capture the benefits of temporary tax incentives.
While the investment increase from permanent expensing will be smaller than the surge from temporary expensing, the increase will be sustained. Permanently boosting the capital stock will drive long-term economic growth. Expensing is a powerful incentive. Economists measure the effective tax rate on investment through a formula that captures the impact of tax rates and depreciation policies. Strikingly, immediate expensing reduces the effective tax rate at the business level on equity-financed investment to zero, effectively neutralizing the business tax burden on such investments.
This and other permanent business reforms in the OBBB—including expensing for research and development costs and returning to more favorable limits on interest deductibility—lower the after-tax cost of investment. A recent report by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) concluded that the combination of these three OBBB provisions will increase investment by 2 percent. We consider this a lower-bound estimate of the tax effect on investment because CRS’s assumption about the sensitivity of investment to the tax rate is fairly conservative.
The case for these policies extends beyond the empirical evidence that they will boost investment. Permanent immediate expensing of business equipment investment moves us closer to a goal of fundamental tax reform: a tax code that neither discourages savings nor distorts business decisions or entrepreneurship, and that does not attempt to pick winners and losers by preferencing certain choices over other choices. More reforms are required, including expensing for other types of investment, but the OBBB’s equipment expensing provision is a critical step in that direction.